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Exam Practice

50 IB-style questions · Filter by paper, unit & command term

📄 Paper 1
📊 Paper 2
🌱 Paper 3 HL

Paper 1 (MCQ + Data) — SL: 30 MCQ, 45 min + 15 data questions, 45 min. HL: 40 MCQ, 60 min + 20 data questions, 60 min. Section A: Multiple choice. Section B: Short answer data-based questions.

SL: 1h15 · 30 marks · 35% weight  |  HL: 2h15 · 50 marks · 25% weight

Section B data questions test: reading graphs, calculating from data, explaining trends. Must show formulas and units in all calculations. Significant figures required.

Data-based questions. Stimulus material (graphs, tables, diagrams) provided. Interpret, calculate, and explain.

SL: 1h45 · 50 marks · 40% weight  |  HL: 2h15 · 80 marks · 40% weight

Paper 2 (Extended Response) — SL: 1h15, 50 marks. HL: 2h15, 95 marks. Multi-part calculation and explanation questions across all topics. Every calculation needs formula, substitution, answer with units and correct sig figs.

Paper 1B (Data Analysis) — SL: 1 hour. HL: 1 hour. Data-based questions on graphs, tables, and experimental results. Tests practical skills and data interpretation. No HL-only options.

Time: 1h15 · 25 marks · 25% weight (HL only)

Scientific Investigation (IA) — Individual or group (2-3 students). Minimum 10 hours. Assessed: Personal Engagement, Exploration, Analysis, Evaluation, Communication.

All
P1 MCQ
P2 Extended
P3 HL Opt
A: Motion
B: Matter
C: Waves
D: Fields
E: Nuclear
All terms
Define [2]
Explain [4]
Analyse [6]
Evaluate [8–10]
📌 Todo only

Formula Tools

Chemistry calculation tools — formula reference & step-by-step workings — exactly how the examiner expects it

Moles
Gas Laws
Enthalpy
pH
Electrochemistry

Moles & Stoichiometry

n = m/M  ·  c = n/V  ·  N = n × Nₐ  ·  Nₐ = 6.02×10²³ mol⁻¹

Gas Law Calculator

PV = nRT  ·  R = 8.314 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹  ·  T(K) = T(°C) + 273

Enthalpy Calculator

q = mcΔT  ·  ΔH = −q/n  ·  c(water) = 4.18 J g⁻¹ K⁻¹

pH Calculator

pH = −log[H⁺]  ·  [H⁺] = 10^(−pH)  ·  [H⁺] = √(Ka × c) for weak acid  ·  pH + pOH = 14

Electrochemistry Calculator

E°cell = E°cathode − E°anode  ·  Spontaneous if E°cell > 0
Common E° values (vs SHE):
Zn²⁺/Zn = −0.76 V  ·  Fe²⁺/Fe = −0.44 V  ·  H⁺/H₂ = 0.00 V
Cu²⁺/Cu = +0.34 V  ·  Ag⁺/Ag = +0.80 V  ·  Cl₂/Cl⁻ = +1.36 V

Chemistry Diagrams

Visual models of key IB Chemistry concepts — all topics SL & HL

Forces & Motion
Waves
Circuits
Fields
Nuclear
Energy
SHM Energy
SHM Time Graphs
Projectile Motion
Uncertainties
Torque & Moments
p–V Processes
E Field Lines
Standing Waves
Magnetic Fields
Photoelectric
EM Spectrum

Newton's Laws & SUVAT

m = 5 kg W = mg = 49 N N = 49 N F = 20 N f = 5 N Free-Body Diagram — Horizontal Acceleration F_net = 20 − 5 = 15 N → a = F_net/m = 15/5 = 3 m s⁻² (Newton 2nd Law)

SUVAT: v=u+at · s=ut+½at² · v²=u²+2as · s=½(u+v)t. Always define positive direction first.

Wave Properties & Interference

Transverse Wave A λ (wavelength) v = fλ T = 1/f I ∝ A² Double-Slit Interference (Young's) d s = λD/d Constructive: path diff = nλ | Destructive: path diff = (n+½)λ

Electric Circuits

Series Circuit EMF=9V R₁=3Ω R₂=6Ω R_total = 9Ω · I = 9/9 = 1A · V₁=3V, V₂=6V Parallel Circuit R₃=12Ω R₄=6Ω 1/R = 1/12 + 1/6 = 1/4 → R=4Ω Key Formulas V = IR (Ohm's Law) P = VI = I²R = V²/R Series: R = R₁+R₂ · Same current Parallel: 1/R = 1/R₁+1/R₂ · Same voltage Terminal pd = EMF − Ir KVL: ΣV = 0 around loop KCL: ΣI = 0 at junction

Gravitational & Electric Fields

Gravitational Field M F = GMm/r² · g = GM/r² · Ep = −GMm/r Uniform Electric Field + + + + + + + + − − − − − − − − d E = V/d · F = qE · F = kq₁q₂/r² (Coulomb) Field lines: + → − · ⊥ to equipotentials

Radioactive Decay & Nuclear Energy

Radioactive Decay — N = N₀e^(−λt) N₀ N₀/2 t½ 2t½ → N₀/4 t½ = ln2/λ = 0.693/λ · A = λN · E = Δmc² α: ⁴He, stopped by paper, high ionisation β: e⁻/e⁺, mm aluminium, medium ionisation γ: EM wave, cm lead, low ionisation All: random, spontaneous decay

Energy Sources & Binding Energy

Binding Energy per Nucleon vs Mass Number Mass number A → BE/A (MeV) Fe-56 (peak) FUSION H → He, etc. FISSION U-235 → lighter nuclei Both fusion and fission release energy because products have HIGHER BE/A than reactants

SHM — Kinetic & Potential Energy vs Displacement

Energy vs Displacement in Simple Harmonic Motion Displacement x → Energy E −A 0 +A E_total EP = ½mω²x² EK = ½mω²(A²−x²) EK max at x=0 EP max at x=±A At equilibrium (x=0): EK = max, EP = 0 · At amplitude (x=±A): EK = 0, EP = max Total energy E = EK + EP = ½mω²A² = constant (no damping) IB tip: Both curves are parabolas. Their sum is always horizontal (constant total E).

SHM — Displacement, Velocity & Acceleration vs Time

All three are sinusoidal. v leads x by 90°. a is antiphase with x (always opposite sign).

Time t x (displacement) x = A cos(ωt) +A -A T (period) v (velocity) v = -Aω sin(ωt) +Aω -Aω v=0 v_max a (acceleration) a = -Aω² cos(ωt) = -ω²x +Aω² -Aω² Key relationships: x & a: antiphase (180°) v leads x by 90° v=0 when |x|=A (turning pt) v=max when x=0 (centre)

Thermodynamic Processes — p–V Diagram

Four key processes. Area under curve = work done by gas.

Volume V Pressure p Isothermal (T=const) Adiabatic (Q=0, steeper) Isobaric (p=const) Isochoric (V=const, W=0) W = area under curve A B First Law: ΔU = Q − W. Isothermal: ΔU=0. Adiabatic: Q=0 → ΔU=−W. Isochoric: W=0 → ΔU=Q. Expansion → W by gas positive (volume ↑). Compression → W negative. Adiabat is steeper than isotherm.

Electric Field Lines — Point Charges & Uniform Field

Direction of force on positive test charge. Closer lines = stronger field. Lines ⊥ to equipotentials.

+ve charge −ve charge Uniform field + − + − E = V/d (uniform) +ve: lines radiate outward · −ve: lines converge inward · Uniform (plates): parallel, equally-spaced Lines never cross. Always ⊥ to equipotentials. E points HIGH→LOW potential. Denser = stronger.

Standing Waves — String, Open Pipe & Closed Pipe

Nodes (N) = zero displacement. Antinodes (A) = maximum. Closed pipe supports ODD harmonics only.

STRING (fixed ends) All harmonics · L=nλ/2 OPEN PIPE All harmonics · L=nλ/2 CLOSED PIPE Odd only · L=(2n-1)λ/4 1st (f₁) A N N λ = 2L 2nd (2f₁) A A N N N λ = L 3rd (3f₁) λ = ⅔L 1st (f₁) A A A λ = 2L 2nd (2f₁) λ = L 1st (f₁) N A λ = 4L 3rd (3f₁) N A λ = ⅔L (2nd harmonic impossible!) Formulae: String / Open pipe: fₙ = nv/2L (n = 1,2,3...) · Closed pipe: fₙ = (2n-1)v/4L (n = 1,2,3...) Key rules: • Closed end = NODE always · Open end = ANTINODE always • Strings & open pipes: ALL harmonics present · Closed pipes: ODD harmonics ONLY (1st, 3rd, 5th...) • Resonance: driving frequency = natural frequency → maximum amplitude

Magnetic Fields — Straight Wire & Solenoid

Right-hand rule: thumb = current direction, curled fingers = field direction.

Straight Wire I ↑ B = μ₀I / 2πr Field decreases with distance Solenoid N S B = μ₀nI n = turns per metre, uniform inside Right-hand rule: wrap hand around wire, thumb ↑ current → fingers curl in field direction. For solenoid: grip coil, fingers = current, thumb = N pole.

Photoelectric Effect — Experimental Setup

Photon energy must exceed work function (φ). Intensity affects electron count, NOT kinetic energy.

Metal plate Collector Vacuum tube Photons (hf) e⁻ e⁻ e⁻ A V (stop) V_stop • eV_s = EK_max Key equations: E = hf = hc/λ · EK_max = hf − φ · eV_s = EK_max · Threshold: f₀ = φ/h Intensity ↑: more electrons emitted BUT EK_max unchanged (frequency determines KE, not intensity) Frequency ↑: EK_max increases · Below threshold frequency f₀: NO electrons emitted regardless of intensity Evidence for photon model: threshold frequency, instantaneous emission, EK independent of intensity

Electromagnetic Spectrum

All EM waves travel at c = 3×10⁸ m s⁻¹ in vacuum. v = fλ. Higher frequency = higher energy = shorter wavelength.

Radio Micro IR Visible UV X-ray Gamma λ (m): 10³ 10⁻² 10⁻⁵ 10⁻⁶ 10⁻⁸ 10⁻¹⁰ 10⁻¹² f (Hz): 10⁵ 10¹° 10¹³ 10¹⁴ 10¹⁶ 10¹⁸ 10²⁰ Frequency increases → ← Wavelength increases Applications & Properties: • Radio: broadcasting, MRI · Microwave: cooking, radar, satellite comms • IR: thermal imaging, remote controls, fibre optics · Visible: human vision (400–700 nm) • UV: sterilisation, fluorescence, vitamin D synthesis · X-ray: medical imaging, crystallography • Gamma: cancer treatment (radiotherapy), sterilisation, nuclear decay product Key IB fact: All EM waves are TRANSVERSE, travel at c in vacuum, carry no charge, obey v=fλ. Ionising radiation: UV, X-ray, gamma (high enough energy to remove electrons from atoms)

Projectile Motion — Parabolic Path & Components

θ u u_x = ucosθ u_y =usinθ Max height v_y = 0 v_x (const.) v_y↓ Range R = u²sin(2θ)/g → max at θ = 45° Horizontal: x = u_x·t (a = 0) | Vertical: y = u_y·t − ½gt² (a = −g) | TIME links both Components INDEPENDENT. Use vertical to find t, then substitute into horizontal equation.

At max height: v_y = 0, v_x unchanged. Signs: define upward as positive, so a_y = −9.81 m s⁻². Never mix x and y components in the same equation.

Uncertainty Rules — When to Add, Multiply, or Square

IB Chemistry — Propagating Uncertainties ➕ ➖ Add / Subtract Q = A + B or Q = A − B ΔQ = ΔA + ΔB Add ABSOLUTE uncertainties. E.g. (5.0±0.1) + (3.0±0.2) = 8.0±0.3 ⚠ Never add % for + / − ✖ ÷ Multiply / Divide Q = A × B or Q = A / B ΔQ/Q = ΔA/A + ΔB/B Add FRACTIONAL (or %) uncertainties. E.g. 2% + 3% = 5% total uncertainty ⚠ Convert back: ΔQ = 5% × Q ⁿ Powers Q = Aⁿ ΔQ/Q = |n| × ΔA/A E.g. V = r³ → ΔV/V = 3 × Δr/r Doubles for squares, triples for cubes 📐 Absolute vs Fractional Absolute: Δx (same units as x) Fractional: Δx/x (no units) Percentage: (Δx/x) × 100% Convert: Δx = (Δx/x) × x 📝 Worked Example — Density ρ = m/V where V = (4/3)πr³ Step 1: Δr/r = 0.02 (2%) → ΔV/V = 3 × 0.02 = 0.06 (6%) [power rule] Step 2: Δρ/ρ = Δm/m + ΔV/V = 0.01 + 0.06 = 0.07 (7%) [multiply/divide rule] Step 3: Δρ = 7% × ρ → Report: ρ = (calculated value) ± 7%

IB examiner rule: always show the uncertainty calculation explicitly. State whether you used absolute or fractional. Round Δ to 1 significant figure, then match d.p. in the value.

Torque, Moment Arm & Rotational Equilibrium

τ = F × d⊥ = F d sinθ | Principle of Moments: Σ(clockwise) = Σ(anticlockwise) Pivot F d = 180 mm (moment arm) τ = F × d = max (θ = 90°) W₁↓ anti-CW CW F θ d d⊥ = d sinθ τ = F × d sinθ (less than max) Beam Equilibrium Example 20 N d=0.6m F=? d=0.8m Σ moments about pivot: 20 × 0.6 = F × 0.8 F = 15 N ✓ HL card 27 — Torque maximised at θ=90°. Take moments about unknown force to eliminate it. Weight of uniform beam acts at midpoint.

Equilibrium requires BOTH ΣF=0 (translational) AND Στ=0 (rotational) about any point. Always draw FBD first, then choose pivot at the position of an unknown force to simplify.

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